State of the Workforce Survey


Overview

What is the NCI-IDD State of the Workforce Survey?

The National Core Indicators Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities (NCI-IDD) State of the Workforce Survey is a national effort to collect large-scale information on the Direct Support Professional (DSP) workforce. New York State OPWDD voluntary provider agencies have been participating in the NCI State of the Workforce Survey since 2017.

The NCI-IDD State of the Workforce Survey collects and reports information on the DSP workforce at voluntary provider agencies. This includes data on DSP payroll, compensation, turnover, tenure, benefits, bonuses, recruitment strategies, retention strategies, demographics, and other quantitative information. Results are disseminated annually, and national and statewide averages are reported.

For more information on this national project, please visit www.nationalcoreindicators.org or contact [email protected].


Latest Results

In order to understand the needs and challenges of the workers who provide direct support to New York’s IDD population, OPWDD sent the National Core Indicators Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities (NCI-IDD) 2023 State of the Workforce Survey to 329 qualifying agencies across NYS. This survey is an important tool to collect data about the Direct Support Professional (DSP) workforce across New York State and to allow us to make comparisons to other states and across the nation as a whole.

The data presented below refers to the period between January 1, 2023, to December 31, 2023, during which 61,728 DSPs and 6,431 Front Line Supervisors (FLSs) were employed across 253 responding agencies. Not all agencies provided answers to all questions, so the total number of agencies, DSPs, or FLSs for a given table may not match these numbers.


Response Rate by Developmental Disabilities Regional Offices Region

OPWDD Region

Number

Invited

Number

Responded

Percent
Region 1 (Finger Lakes, Western NY)433786.0%
Region 2 (Broome, Central NY, Sunmount)504488.0%
Region 3 (Capital District, Hudson Valley, Taconic)845869.0%
Region 4 (Bernard Fineson, Brooklyn, Metro, Staten Island)1168270.1%
Regional Office 5 (Long Island)363288.9%
Total32925376.9%

NYS Workforce

73.6% of agencies employ fewer than 300 DSPs.
Number of DSPs EmployedNumber of AgenciesPercent of Agencies
0-999437.2%
100-1996124.1%
200-2993112.3%
300-399228.7%
400-499124.7%
500-59972.8%
600-69952.0%
700-79941.6%
800-89962.4%
900-99910.4%
1000-1999104.0%
Total253100.00%

Number of People Supported

70.7% of agencies served 100 or more adults with intellectual and/or developmental disabilities.

Number of Adults* ServedNumber of AgenciesPercent of Agencies
0 Adults31.2%
1-10 Adults72.9%
11-20 Adults104.1%
21-50 Adults249.8%
51-99 Adults2811.4%
100-499 Adults10944.5%
500-999 Adults4518.4%
1000+ Adults197.8%
Total193100.0%

*The State of the Workforce Survey is only collected from agencies that serve adults.


Demographics of Direct Support Professionals

In addition to Statewide totals, demographics are also broken out by OPWDD Region to easily see regional differences.

Ages of DSPs

Ages of DSPsNumber of DSPsPercent of DSPs
18-249,18512.6%
25-3415,52324.2%
35-4411,11017.7%
45-549,91417.5%
55+12,78421.5%
Don't Know2,6656.5%
Total61,181100.0%

Age of DSPs by OPWDD Region

RegionAge 18-24Age 25-34Age 35-44Age 45-5455 or OlderDon't KnowCount of DSPs
Regional Office 1 (Finger Lakes, Western NY)13.5%25.6%15.6%12.7%22.0%10.5%9,633
Regional Office 2 (Broome, Central NY, Sunmount)13.3.%24.5%16.6%14.7%21.1%9.9%6,415
Regional Office 3 (Capital District, Hudson Valley, Taconic)11.3%24.4%17.7%21.3%23.2%2.1%14,436
Regional Office 4 (Bernard Fineson, Brooklyn, Metro, Staten Island)12.0%23.3%18.9%19.2%20.8%5.8%20,682
Regional Office 5 (Long Island)14.1%23.9%18.5%16.3%20.6%6.6%10,015
Total12.6%24.2%17.7%17.5%21.5%6.5%61,181

Race/Ethnicity of DSPs (N=60,413)

Race/EthnicityNumber of DSPsPercent of Total NYS DSPs
American Indian or Alaskan Native2060.3%
Asian1,1162.1%
Black or African American26,40540.8%
Pacific Islander1080.2%
White17,94834.6%
Hispanic/Latinx5,0549.9%
More than one race/ethnicity1,9872.2%
Other1980.3%
Don’t Know7,3919.6%

Percent of DSPs by Race and DDRO Region 

RegionNative American or Alaskan NativeAsianBlack or African AmericanPacific IslanderWhite

Hispanic/

Latinx

More than one race/ ethnicityOtherDon’t KnowTotal DSPs
Regional Office 1 (Finger Lakes, Western NY)0.3%0.6%30.8%0.2%49.5%7.7%2.8%0.1%7.8%9,633
Regional Office 2 (Broome, Central NY, Sunmount)0.5%1.2%12.8%0.1%67.9%3.2%2.2%0.0%12.2%6,415
Regional Office 3 (Capital District, Hudson Valley, Taconic)0.3%2.2%38.2%0.1%40.0%7.6%2.4%0.3%9.0%14,436
Regional Office 4 (Bernard Fineson, Brooklyn, Metro, Staten Island)0.2%3.3%57.1%0.4%9.6%16.3%1.6%0.5%10.8%19,914
Regional Office 5 (Long Island)0.3%2.1%55.7%0.1%23.3%9.5%2.3%0.6%6.2%10,015
All Regions0.3%2.1%40.8%0.2%34.6%9.9%2.2%0.3%9.6%60,413

Gender of DSPs by Region

RegionMaleFemaleNon-BinaryDon’t KnowCount of DSPs
Regional Office 1 (Finger Lakes, Western NY)23.4%76.4%0.1%0.1%9,633
Regional Office 2 (Broome, Central NY, Sunmount)22.8%69.7%0.4%7.1%6,415
Regional Office 3 (Capital District, Hudson Valley, Taconic)29.3%67.7%0.5%2.5%14,436
Regional Office 4 (Bernard Fineson, Brooklyn, Metro, Staten Island)29.2%66.7%0.4%3.6%20,665
Regional Office 5 (Long Island)29.4%66.0%0.0%4.5%10,015
Total27.3%68.8%0.3%3.6%61,164

Demographics of Frontline Supervisors

In addition to Statewide totals, demographics are also broken out by OPWDD Region to easily see regional differences.

Age groups of Frontline Supervisors Statewide

Age GroupNumber of DSPsPercent of DSPs (Average of Averages)
18 - 242162.8%
25 - 341,47324.1%
35 - 441,79228.4%
45 - 541,50323.2%
55+1,30318.8%
Don't Know692.7%
Total6,356100%

Age of Frontline Supervisors by Region 

Region18 – 24 Years Old25 – 34 Years Old35 – 44 Years Old45 – 54 Years Old55 or OlderDon't KnowCount of FLSs
Regional Office 1 (Finger Lakes, Western)3.6%25.7%33.5%21.2%13.0%2.9%1,284
Regional Office 2 (Broome, Central, Sunmount)2.7%24.3%25.9%24.6%15.6%7.0%693
Regional Office 3 (Capital, Hudson Valley, Taconic)1.9%24.4%29.6%26.0%18.1%0.0%1,318
Regional Office 4 (Bernard Fineson, Brooklyn, Metro, Staten Island)3.4%23.5%28.2%19.1%22.6%3.1%1,677
Regional Office 5 (Long Island)1.6%23.0%24.9%28.6%21.9%0.0%1,384
Total2.8%24.1%28.4%23.2%18.8%2.7%6,356

Race of Frontline Supervisors by Percent

 Number of DSPsPercent of DSPs
American Indian or Alaskan Native340.8%
Asian1172.1%
Black or African American2,54634.5%
Pacific Islander2,77545.2%
White4768.2%
Hispanic/Latinx130.1%
More than one race/ethnicity1231.2%
Other100.2%
Don’t Know3217.8%
Total6,415100.0%

Race of Frontline Supervisors by Percent and DDRO Region 

RegionNative American or Alaskan NativeAsianBlack or African AmericanWhite

Hispanic/

Latinx

Pacific IslanderMore than one race/ ethnicityOtherDon’t KnowTotal FLSs
Regional Office 1 (Finger Lakes, Western NY)1.0%0.8%25.0%63.2%5.5%0.1%1.0%0.0%3.4%1284
Regional Office 2 (Broome, Central NY, Sunmount)0.7%0.3%7.7%78.5%2.7%0.0%0.5%0.0%9.6%693
Regional Office 3 (Capital District, Hudson Valley, Taconic)0.2%2.2%30.2%52.3%4.4%0.1%2.5%0.6%7.6%1,324
Regional Office 4 (Bernard Fineson, Brooklyn, Metro, Staten Island)1.4%3.8%50.3%19.3%15.1%0.3%0.5%0.0%9.3%1,711
Regional Office 5 (Long Island)0.2%1.8%50.7%30.6%8.2%0.1%1.8%0.1%6.6%1,403
Total0.8%2.1%34.5%45.2%8.2%0.1%1.2%0.2%7.8%6,415

Gender of Frontline Supervisors by Region

RegionMaleFemaleNon-BinaryDon’t Know*Count of DSPs
Regional Office 1 (Finger Lakes, Western NY)15.9%84.0%0.0%0.1%1,284
Regional Office 2 (Broome, Central NY, Sunmount)15.5%80.0%0.0%4.5%693
Regional Office 3 (Capital District, Hudson Valley, Taconic)23.2%74.9%0.0%1.9%1,324
Regional Office 4 (Bernard Fineson, Brooklyn, Metro, Staten Island)29.7%67.0%1.0%2.3%1,678
Regional Office 5 (Long Island)23.9%72.1%0.5%3.5%1,403
Total23.0%74.2%0.4%2.4%6,382

Direct Support Professional to Frontline Supervisor Ratio 

The data below presents the number of agencies that have a certain Direct Support Professional (DSP) to Frontline Supervisor (FLS) ratio. The statewide average was 12:1 (N=185). We believe that it is important to look at DSP to FLS ratio to understand amount of supervision and support available to DSPs. The ratios by regional office are shown in the tables below.

 1-8 DSPs per FLS
Number/Percent
9-14 DSPs per FLS
Number/Percent
15+ DSPs per FLS
Number/Percent
TotalAverage DSP to FLS Ratio
Regional Office 1 (Finger Lakes, Western NY)17/58.6%8/27.6%4/13.8%2910.1
Regional Office 2 (Broome, Central NY, Sunmount)18/45.0%14/35.0%8/20.0%4011.0
Regional Office 3 (Capital District, Hudson Valley, Taconic)23/51.1%12/26.7%10/22.2%4512.0
Regional Office 4 (Bernard Fineson, Brooklyn, Metro, Staten Island)28/36.8%21/27.6%27/35.5%7614.3
Regional Office 5 (Long Island)19/67.9%5/17.9%4/14.3%289.4
Total NYS105/48.2%60/27.5%53/24.3%21812.0

Turnover, Vacancy, and Tenure

In addition to Statewide totals, Turnover Ratios are also broken out by OPWDD Region to easily see regional differences. Turnover ratios are calculated by dividing the total number of DSPs separated in 2023 by the total number of DSPs on payroll at the end of 2023.

The national turnover ratio is 40.9%, based on data from the 26 states (including D.C.) that participated in the 2023 NCI-IDD State of the Workforce Survey. The turnover ratio in NYS and OPWDD Regions 1, 3, 4, and 5 is lower than the national turnover ratio. However, Region 2 has a higher turnover ratio.

The national turnover ratio is 40.9%, based on data from the 26 states (including D.C.) that participated in the 2023 NCI-IDD State of the Workforce Survey. The turnover ratio in NYS and OPWDD Regions 1, 3, 4, and 5 is lower than the national turnover ratio. However, Region 2 has a higher turnover ratio.

Full-time vs. Part-time DSPs

227 (89.7%) agencies reported on full-time and part-time employment status, representing 53,019 (85.9%) DSPs statewide

38% part-time staff and 62% full-time staff

Vacancy 

224 (88.5%) agencies reported on fulltime vacancies, representing 9,206 vacancies. 

224 (88.5%) agencies reported on part-time vacancies, representing 5,122 vacancies. 

18.2% fulltime state, 12.2% parttime national

22.6% state fulltime employees, 14.6% part-time national

Length of Employment of DSPs

This section looks at the length of employment (tenure) for both DSPs who are still employed by their agency at the end of the year (Employed DSPs) and DSPs who left the agency during the year (Separated DSPs).

Tenure of Employed DSPs

Tenure of employed DSPs looks at how long DSPs who are still employed have been working at their agency. It is calculated by taking the number of still-employed DSPs in each Length of Employment category (e.g., Less Than 6 Months) divided by the total number of DSPs employed as of December 31, 2023. Tenure data is available for 59,832 Employed DSPs statewide.

Length of EmploymentNumber of DSPsPercent of DSPs
Less Than 6 Months8,28013.4%
Tenure 6 to 12 Months7,03212.0%
Tenure 12 to 24 Months10,03216.2%
Tenure 24 to 36 Months6,41910.4%
Tenure more than 3628,06948.0%

Tenure of Separated DSPs

Tenure of separated DSPs looks at how long DSPs who left their agency during the year were employed at their agency. It is calculated by taking the number of separated DSPs in each Length of Employment category (e.g., Less Than 6 Months) divided by the total number of DSPs employed as of December 31, 2023. Tenure data is available for 19,395 separated DSPs statewide.

Length of EmploymentNumber of DSPsPercent of DSPs
Less Than 6 Months6,36932.7%
6 to 12 Months3,21219.3%
12 to 24 Months3,80117.3%
24 to 36 Months1,7147.6%
More than 36 Months4,29923.2%

Wages and Hours

DSP Wages

All employees in New York, including DSPs, are entitled to receive at least an hourly minimum wage rate. In 2023, there were 2 active minimum wages in different geographic areas of New York State:

  • NYC, Long Island & Westchester: $15.00
  • Rest of NYS: $14.20

DSP Wages in the $14.20 Minimum Wage Region

This table compares agency average hourly wage to the regions’ minimum wage for agencies that are in regions where the minimum wage is $14.20/hour. Each agency reports their own average hourly wage.

 Equal to Minimum Wage ($14.20)

1 - 10% Above

($14.21 - $15.62)

11 - 20% Above ($15.63-$17.04)21 - 30% Above ($17.05 - $18.46)31 - 40% Above ($18.47 – $19.88)41 - 50% Above ($19.89 - $21.30)51%+ Above ($21.31+)Total Agencies
Regional Office 1 (Finger Lakes, Western NY)02101761036
Regional Office 2 (Broome, Central NY, Sunmount)011315104144
Regional Office 3 (Capital District, Hudson Valley, Taconic, without Westchester)00714112438
Total0330462775118

DSP Wages in the $15.00 Minimum Wage Region

This table compares agency average hourly wage to the regions’ minimum wage for agencies that are in regions where the minimum wage is $15.00/hour. 

 

Equal to Minimum Wage

($15.00)

1 - 10% Above

($15.01- $16.50)

11 - 20% Above ($16.51-$18.0021 - 30% Above ($18.01-$19.50)31 - 40% Above ($19.51 - $21.00)41 - 50% Above ($21.01 -$22.50)51%+ Above ($22.51+)Total
Westchester County Agencies015440115
Regional Office 4 (Bernard Fineson, Brooklyn, Metro, Staten Island)312342351280
Regional Office 5 (Long Island)0115940231
Total31454361315126

Average Wage by DDRO Region

The national average hourly wage is $17.34 for DSPs, and, nationally, agencies reported a range of average hourly wages from $6.00 - $29.00. The national range and average are based on data from the 26 states (including D.C.) that participated in the 2023 NCI-IDD State of the Workforce Survey. Hourly wages in New York State range from $14.20 to $25.51, and the state average hourly wage is $18.15.

RegionAverageNumber
Regional Office 1 (Finger Lakes, Western NY)$17.6436
Regional Office 2 (Broome, Central NY, Sunmount)$18.0144
Regional Office 3 (Capital District, Hudson Valley, Taconic)$18.8052
Regional Office 4 (Bernard Fineson, Brooklyn, Metro, Staten Island)$17.8681
Regional Office 5 (Long Island)$18.6032
Total$18.15245

Overtime and Regular Hours paid to DSPs by DDRO Region

Overtime and regular hours are calculated by dividing the number of overtime or regular hours by the total number of hours worked. 

RegionRegular Hours PercentOvertime Hours Percent
Regional Office 1 (Finger Lakes, Western NY)92.2%7.8%
Regional Office 2 (Broome, Central NY, Sunmount)91.3%8.6%
Regional Office 3 (Capital District, Hudson Valley, Taconic)87.7%12.3%
Regional Office 4 (Bernard Fineson, Brooklyn, Metro, Staten Island)90.4%9.6%
Regional Office 5 (Long Island)89.9%10.1%
All Regions90.3%9.7%

Benefits and Recruitment

Health, Dental, and Vision Insurance 

For 2023, we do not have data for eligibility or enrollment. Instead, we want pie charts for four different variables: health coverage, dental coverage, vision coverage, and coverage for all three.

Medical Insurance Offered by Agencies

93.7% of agencies offer health insurance to their employees, 91.7% offer dental insurance, and 85.7% offer vision insurance. 84.6% of agencies offer health, dental, and vision insurance. 

Other Benefits 

Type of Benefit (N=244)Number of AgenciesPercent of Agencies
Life Insurance21186.5%
Employee Assistance Program16567.6%
Flexible Spending Account16567.6%
Employer-Sponsored Disability Insurance14459.0%
Employer-Paid Job-Related Training15161.9%
Reimbursement for Post-Secondary Education13053.3%
Health Incentives Programs8133.2%
Transportation Benefits4518.4%
Other Benefits3916.0%
Childcare Benefits2811.5%

Paid Time Off (PTO) Offered to DSPs

Most agencies offer paid time off to some or all DSPs.

Type of Paid Time OffNumber of AgenciesPercent of Agencies
Sick21896.0%
Vacation18884.3%
Personal13560.3%

DSPs Career Ladder 

77 agencies (30.4%) offer a DSP Career Ladder. Career Ladders for DSPs offer sequential steps for career growth without having to leave the IDD services field. The two tables below show specifically what career development opportunities agencies offer to their DSPs and what benefits they offer for participating in those opportunities. An agency can offer more than one DSP ladder benefit or opportunity.

DSPs Career Development Opportunities offered by Agencies

Type of Opportunity (N=253)Number of AgenciesPercent DSP Ladder Agencies (N=77)Percent of Total Agencies (N=253)
Training Offered Within the Agency5571.4%21.7%
Supervision Responsibilities5470.1%21.3%
Areas of Specialization1823.4%7.1%
Performance-based Promotions4558.4%17.8%
Formal Education Outside of Agency To Augment Professional Growth2735.1%10.7%
Seniority-Based Promotions2329.9%9.1%

DSPs Career Development Benefits Offered by Agencies

Type of Benefit (N=253)Number of AgenciesPercent DSP Ladder Agencies (N=77)Percent of Total Agencies (N=253)
Higher Rate of Pay7496.1%29.2%
Recognition3849.4%15.0%
Bonus1114.3%4.4%
Benefits Package810.4%3.2%

Strategies for the Recruitment and Retention of DSPs

Type of Strategy (N=250)Number of AgenciesPercent of Agencies
Code of Ethics Training24296.8%
Realistic Job Preview*20481.6%
Employee Recognition Programs19678.4%
Engage With High Schools or Local Colleges/Universities19477.6%
Employee Engagement Survey14758.8%
Required Training for DSPs Beyond State Requirements14457.6%
Agency Supported Credentialing#10140.4%
Bonuses, Stipends, or Raises for Credentialling8534.0%
Sign-On Bonus8132.4%
DSP Ladder^8032.0%
DSPs Included In Agency Governance6726.8%
Apprenticeship Programs3514.0%

*Survey provided this language: “A realistic job preview provides the applicant with accurate information about the job duties (both positive and negative) from the perspective of people who do the work; it is provided to the applicant prior to making a job offer and its purpose is to help an applicant decide if they would like to pursue the job.”
^Survey provided this language: “(For example, a career ladder for DSPs)”
#Survey provided this language: “(For example, Direct Course College of Direct Support through National Association of Direct Support Professionals, etc.) Support may take the form of financial support to cover the cost of the credential, paying the DSP for the time needed to complete the credential, or other financial support.”
 

Footnote: To be consistent with methodology used in the State of the Workforce National Report produced by the Human Services Research Institute, percentages in the results above are first calculated for each responding agency and then are averaged across the entire state or OPWDD region. For example, the percentage of DSPs who are Asian (2.1%) is calculated by taking the average of the percent of DSPs who are Asian at each agency instead of the total count of Asian DSPs (1,116) divided by the total number of DSPs whose race or ethnicity is reported (60,413). This means that the percentages may not be perfectly proportional to the counts in the tables.


For Providers

What is the NCI-IDD State of the Workforce Survey about?

The National Core Indicators Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities (NCI-DD) State of the Workforce Survey is about the Direct Support Professional (DSP) Workforce. NYS voluntary providers are asked to submit information about payroll, compensation, tenure, turnover, benefits, bonuses, recruitment strategies, retention strategies, and demographics of DSPs at the agency.

What is the due date of the survey?

The due date for the 2024 NCI-IDD State of the Workforce Survey cycle is July 31, 2025. Data collection began in March 2025. These surveys will collect data from calendar year 2024.

How do I know if my provider agency is eligible to participate?

In order to be eligible for the NCI-IDD State of the Workforce Survey, a voluntary provider agency must:

  1. Be in operation for at least 6 continuous months.
  2. Employ DSPs – a DSP is someone who spends 50% or more of their job function supporting people with intellectual and/or developmental disabilities. Provider agencies who hire DSPs who only provide self-directed services are not eligible.
  3. Serve adults with intellectual and/or developmental disabilities. If your agency only serves children (younger than 18 years old) with disabilities, you are not eligible.

If you have questions about eligibility, please contact: [email protected].

How do I get access to the survey?

Eligible providers will receive an email from OPWDD Division of Administration announcing the official launch of the survey. Another email containing a unique link to the survey will be sent to an executive director, HR director, or other point of contact identified in previous cycles will be sent out shortly thereafter. For more information or to request the link for your agency please contact [email protected].

When and where can I find the results of the survey?

National Core Indicators releases the results of the survey in a public report, typically the year after the survey cycle has been completed. The 2022 National Report is now available on the NCI website.